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Stress Management : An Essence of Life
Deepa Velankar
 
INTRODUCTION

Stress is a natural reaction to fear, which triggers an energy level used to achieve optimum performance. This word “STRESS” is derived from the latin word “Stringere”, which means to draw tight. Stress is the result of an individual’s perceptions that they do not have the resources to cope with a perceived situation from the past, present or future. Everybody has stress, without stress there would be no life in this world. Stress is a friend but if not managed properly can become man’s greatest enemy.

 
Physiology of Stress
Autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system of which the sympathetic nervous system plays an active role in case of stress. Hypothalamus in the brain controls the activity of sympathetic nervous system and the release of cortisone from the adrenal gland (cortex) through corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH). Stimulation of sympathetic activity causes the release of catecholamines i.e. (adrenaline, nor-adrenaline and dopamine) from adrenal medulla.
 
Reaction to stress

Body reacts to stress in three stages, which is described as “General Adaptation Syndrome”

Stage I : Stage of alarm reaction in which an initial shock phase of lowered resistance is followed by counterattack during which the individual’s defence mechanisms become active.
Stage II : Stage of resistance in which there is maximum adaptation and hopefully successful return to equilibrium for the individual. But if the stress continues or defence does not work, he will move on to the third stage.
Stage III : Stage of exhaustion in which the adaptive mechanism collapses.
 
Types and options

There are 2 types of stress, 1. Eustress i.e. stress of achievement or a pleasant stress. 2. Distress i.e. stress of disappointment. There are 3 basic options open to a person in case of stress i.e. 1. Tolerate the enemy. 2. Fight back. 3. Retreat or take flight.

Different kinds : Basically there are 3 kinds of stress

Acute stress : It is the most common form. It comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future.

Episodic Acute Stress : Suffering from acute stress frequently in which life is in disorder, chaotic and in crisis. It is perpetually in the clutches of acute stress.

Chronic stress : This is a grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc through long-term attrition. It comes when a person never sees a way out of a miserable situation. It’s the stress of unrelenting demands and pressures for seemingly interminable periods of time. With no hope, the individual gives up searching for solutions.

 

Physical signs of stress

1. Excess weight for age and height
2. HT
3. Lack of appetite
4. A desire to eat as soon as problem arises
5. Frequent heart burn
6. Chronic diarrhoea or constipation
7. An inability to sleep
8. A feeling of constant fatigue
9. Frequent headache
10. A need for medication daily
11. Muscle spasm
12. A feeling of fullness although you have not eaten
13. Shortness of breath
14. A liability to fainting or nausea
15. An inability to cry or a tendency to burst into tears easily
16. Persistent sexual problems
17. Excessive nervous energy which prevents sitting still and relaxing.
 
Mental signs of stress
1. A constant feeling of uneasiness
2. Constant irritability with family and work associates
3. Boredom with life
4. A recurring feeling of being unable to cop with life
5. Anxiety about money
6. Morbid fear of diseases
7. Fear of death - your own and others
8. A sense of suppressed anger
9. An inability to have a good laugh
10. A feeling of being rejected by your family
11. A sense of despair at being an unsuccessful parent
12. Dread as the weekend approaches
13. Reluctance to take a vacation
14. A feeling you cannot discuss your problem with any one
15. An inability to concentrate for any length of time or to finish one job before beginning another one
16. A terror of heights, enclosed spaces, thunderstorms or earthquakes.

If you have more than two of the physical signs or more than four of the mental signs or a total of more than four on above mentioned signs them there is chances of your developing effects of stress. Please remember that the above signs should be frequently felt for considering as a positive sign.

 
Effects of stress on the mind and body
1. Depression
2. Anxiety
3. Insomnia
4. Vague pains
5. Appetite altered
6. Increased smoking
7. Increased alcohol intake
8. Increased caffeine intake
9. Peptic ulcer
10. Ulcerative colitis
11. Asthma
12. Arthritis
13. HT
14. Hyperthyroidism
15. Coronary heart disease
16. Migraine
17. Sexual dysfunction
18. Psychiatric disorders
19 Diabetes mellitus
20 Skin conditions
 
Stress and Work

All businesses and organisation, throughout the world regardless of size are affected by stress, both external and internal sources. Stress is a necessary force to achieve optimum performance.

In basic terms, stress is one aspect of living that can be beneficial when it motivates, encourages change or inspires. The “stress” people complain about or makes them function less well, is a feeling of tension or pressure experienced when an individual feels that the demands laced on him, exceed the resources, which the individual has personally to meet. “Stressors” can be events, situations, people or demands, which the individual perceives to be the source of stress.

 
Take time - changing at work place

Using time effectively is critical for good stress management at work.
Following guidelines should be followed. At least an attempt should be made.

1. Make a “to do” list and prioritise task.
2. Set realistic deadlines for delivery of each of these objectives. Break up the various tasks into smaller bit-sized units, with a time deadlines for each.
3. Don’t juggle paper, read it, act on it, file it or bin it.
4. Once a decision is reached, forget. Don’t waste time thinking about whether it is a good decision or not.
5. Stick to one task at a time and finish it.
6. Decide on what time of day is good for you and use it for important tasks, use your “Low point: time for routine or less important tasks.
7. Prioritise phone calls, letters, e-mails etc. Deal with the most important one first.
8. Keep meetings short and to the point and keep to deadlines on appointments you make with other people, manage meeting times if you are in a position to do so.
 
Stress and personality
Personality is the most important influence on the way we respond to all events and situations. The values, attitudes and behaviour patterns make up our uniqueness as individuals, which ultimately makes us more or less vulnerable to stress. The most deep-rooted component of our personality is our value system. This reflects how we rate ourselves in relation to others and how we see the world in general. Behaviour is the direct expression, so that one harbors negative emotions such as anger, fear, aggression and anxiety, rather than giving vent to them.
 
Personality types

Psychologists have identified two broad personality types. Type “A” and Type “B” of which the former i.e. Type “A” is more prone to stress.
Type “A” : They are impatient, ambitious competitive, aggressive and hard working. They set high goals and demands for themselves and for others. They are prone to anxiety.

Type “B” : They are equable, calm, relaxed, not overtly ambitious. They are at less risk from stress.

In general our personality is made up of one or other patterns of behaviour, or in rare case a perfect balance of both.

 
Dimension of stress management
A.

The spiritual dimension

1. Prayer

2. Meditation

3. Forgiveness

4. Faith

B.

The mental dimension

1. Visual imagery

2. Autogenic training

3. Self talk

4. Reframing

C.

The emotion dimension

1. Social support

2. Touch

3. Humour

4. Mood management

D.

The physical dimension

1. Nutrition and avoidance of addictive substances

2. Deep breathing

3. Massage

4. Exercise

5. Progressive relaxation (deep muscular relaxation exercise)

 
Stress management

Too much to do in to little time is the most commonest complaint. The stress comes from feeling out of control, pushed about by the wings of fate. The protocol to remain out of stress is

1. Stay healthy
2. Exercise regularly
3. Review your priorities
4. Develop your ability to schedule your time realistically
5. Mind fullness, finding opportunities for renewal in every day tasks
6. Changing lifestyles
7. Develop hobbies
8. Make friends
9. Go on vacations
10. Sex and Love
11. Clarifying your values
12. Self-esteem improvement
13. Practising good management
 
Tips for stress management
1. Don’t waste your time befriending those who don’t want to receive your love or friendship.
2. Don’t be a perfectionist
3. Don’t underestimate the genuine pleasure that comes from simple things in life.
4. Only fight for that which is worth it.
5. Concentrate on the pleasant side of life.
6. When you experience set-back re-establish your self-confidence by remembering your past accomplishment.
7. Don’t procrastinate.
8. Realise that people are unequal in many ways at birth.
9. Live in such a way as to earn your neighbours love.
10. Recognise that stress will not last forever.
 
Conclusion

In physics stress implies to a force that deforms bodies. In human being it doesn’t deform the body, but it may be said that stress lick the minds and bits the body.

A human being can be compared to a guitar. If there is less of tension in the string, the required note will not be produced but if the string is too tensed it will break and there will be no music. Hence if stress is managed well it will to be a friend but if not it will man’s greatest enemy.

 
References
1. Wolff HG, Wolf SE, Hare CC (eds). Life Stress and Bodily Disease. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 1950.
2. Wolff HG. Stress and Disease. CC Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 1953.
3. Selye H. The Stress of Life. Longman, Harlow. 1957.
4. Brown JR, Harris TO, Copeland JR. Depression and Loss. Br J Psychiatry 1977.
5. Andrews G, Tennant C, Hewson D, et al. Life events, stress, social support, coping style and risk of psychological impairment. J Nerv Men Dis 1978.
6. Cooper CL, Payne RL (eds). Stress and Work, Wiley, Chichester. 1978.
7. WHO. Mental illness in world of today - feature series, 7 April, 1959.
8. Silverman B. Canada’s Mental Health Supplement, Nov-Dec. 1964.