| INTRODUCTION |
Stress is a natural reaction to fear, which
triggers an energy level used to achieve optimum performance.
This word “STRESS” is derived from the latin
word “Stringere”, which means to draw tight.
Stress is the result of an individual’s perceptions
that they do not have the resources to cope with a perceived
situation from the past, present or future. Everybody has
stress, without stress there would be no life in this world.
Stress is a friend but if not managed properly can become
man’s greatest enemy.
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| |
| Physiology of Stress |
| Autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system of which the sympathetic nervous
system plays an active role in case of stress. Hypothalamus
in the brain controls the activity of sympathetic nervous system
and the release of cortisone from the adrenal gland (cortex)
through corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH). Stimulation
of sympathetic activity causes the release of catecholamines
i.e. (adrenaline, nor-adrenaline and dopamine) from adrenal
medulla. |
| |
| Reaction to stress |
Body reacts to stress in three stages, which is described
as “General Adaptation Syndrome”
| Stage
I : |
Stage of alarm reaction
in which an initial shock phase of lowered resistance
is followed by counterattack during which the individual’s
defence mechanisms become active. |
| Stage
II : |
Stage of resistance in which there is
maximum adaptation and hopefully successful return
to equilibrium for the individual. But if the stress
continues or defence does not work, he will move on
to the third stage. |
| Stage
III : |
Stage of exhaustion in which the adaptive
mechanism collapses. |
|
| |
| Types and options |
There are 2 types of stress, 1. Eustress
i.e. stress of achievement or a pleasant stress. 2. Distress
i.e. stress of disappointment. There are 3 basic options
open to a person in case of stress i.e. 1. Tolerate the enemy.
2. Fight back. 3. Retreat or take flight.
Different kinds : Basically there are 3 kinds
of stress
Acute stress : It is the most common form. It
comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and
anticipated demands and pressures of the near future.
Episodic Acute Stress : Suffering from acute
stress frequently in which life is in disorder, chaotic
and in crisis. It is perpetually in the clutches of acute
stress.
Chronic stress : This is a grinding stress that
wears people away day after day, year after year. Chronic
stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks havoc
through long-term attrition. It comes when a person never
sees a way out of a miserable situation. It’s the
stress of unrelenting demands and pressures for seemingly
interminable periods of time. With no hope, the individual
gives up searching for solutions.
|
| |
Physical signs of stress
|
| 1. |
Excess weight for age and
height |
| 2. |
HT |
| 3. |
Lack of appetite |
| 4. |
A desire to eat as soon as problem arises |
| 5. |
Frequent heart burn |
| 6. |
Chronic diarrhoea or constipation |
| 7. |
An inability to sleep |
| 8. |
A feeling of constant fatigue |
| 9. |
Frequent headache |
| 10. |
A need for medication daily |
| 11. |
Muscle spasm |
| 12. |
A feeling of fullness although you have
not eaten |
| 13. |
Shortness of breath |
| 14. |
A liability to fainting or nausea |
| 15. |
An inability to cry or a tendency to burst
into tears easily |
| 16. |
Persistent sexual problems |
| 17. |
Excessive nervous energy which prevents
sitting still and relaxing. |
|
| |
| Mental signs of stress |
| 1. |
A constant feeling of uneasiness |
| 2. |
Constant irritability with family and
work associates |
| 3. |
Boredom with life |
| 4. |
A recurring feeling of being unable to
cop with life |
| 5. |
Anxiety about money |
| 6. |
Morbid fear of diseases |
| 7. |
Fear of death - your own and others |
| 8. |
A sense of suppressed anger |
| 9. |
An inability to have a good laugh |
| 10. |
A feeling of being rejected by your family |
| 11. |
A sense of despair at being an unsuccessful
parent |
| 12. |
Dread as the weekend approaches |
| 13. |
Reluctance to take a vacation |
| 14. |
A feeling you cannot discuss your problem
with any one |
| 15. |
An inability to concentrate for any length
of time or to finish one job before beginning another
one |
| 16. |
A terror of heights, enclosed spaces,
thunderstorms or earthquakes. |
If you have more than two of the physical signs or more
than four of the mental signs or a total of more than four
on above mentioned signs them there is chances of your
developing effects of stress. Please remember that the
above signs should be frequently felt for considering as
a positive sign.
|
| |
| Effects of stress on the mind and body |
| 1. |
Depression |
| 2. |
Anxiety |
| 3. |
Insomnia |
| 4. |
Vague pains |
| 5. |
Appetite altered |
| 6. |
Increased smoking |
| 7. |
Increased alcohol intake |
| 8. |
Increased caffeine intake |
| 9. |
Peptic ulcer |
| 10. |
Ulcerative colitis |
| 11. |
Asthma |
| 12. |
Arthritis |
| 13. |
HT |
| 14. |
Hyperthyroidism |
| 15. |
Coronary heart disease |
| 16. |
Migraine |
| 17. |
Sexual dysfunction |
| 18. |
Psychiatric disorders |
| 19 |
Diabetes mellitus |
| 20 |
Skin conditions |
|
| |
| Stress and Work |
All businesses and organisation, throughout
the world regardless of size are affected by stress, both
external and internal sources. Stress is a necessary force
to achieve optimum performance.
In basic terms, stress is one aspect of living that can
be beneficial when it motivates, encourages change or inspires.
The “stress” people complain about or makes
them function less well, is a feeling of tension or pressure
experienced when an individual feels that the demands laced
on him, exceed the resources, which the individual has
personally to meet. “Stressors” can be events,
situations, people or demands, which the individual perceives
to be the source of stress.
|
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| Take time - changing at work place |
Using time effectively is critical for good
stress management at work.
Following guidelines should be followed. At least an attempt should be
made.
| 1. |
Make a “to do” list
and prioritise task. |
| 2. |
Set realistic deadlines for delivery
of each of these objectives. Break up the various tasks
into smaller bit-sized units, with a time deadlines
for each. |
| 3. |
Don’t juggle paper, read it, act
on it, file it or bin it. |
| 4. |
Once a decision is reached, forget.
Don’t waste time thinking about whether it is
a good decision or not. |
| 5. |
Stick to one task at a time and finish
it. |
| 6. |
Decide on what time of day is good for
you and use it for important tasks, use your “Low
point: time for routine or less important tasks. |
| 7. |
Prioritise phone calls, letters, e-mails
etc. Deal with the most important one first. |
| 8. |
Keep meetings short and to the point
and keep to deadlines on appointments you make with
other people, manage meeting times if you are in a
position to do so. |
|
| |
| Stress and personality |
| Personality is the most important influence on
the way we respond to all events and situations. The values,
attitudes and behaviour patterns make up our uniqueness as
individuals, which ultimately makes us more or less vulnerable
to stress. The most deep-rooted component of our personality
is our value system. This reflects how we rate ourselves in
relation to others and how we see the world in general. Behaviour
is the direct expression, so that one harbors negative emotions
such as anger, fear, aggression and anxiety, rather than giving
vent to them. |
| |
| Personality types |
Psychologists have identified two broad personality
types. Type “A” and Type “B” of which
the former i.e. Type “A” is more prone to stress.
Type “A” : They are impatient, ambitious competitive, aggressive
and hard working. They set high goals and demands for themselves and
for others. They are prone to anxiety.
Type “B” : They are equable, calm, relaxed,
not overtly ambitious. They are at less risk from stress.
In general our personality is made up of one or other
patterns of behaviour, or in rare case a perfect balance
of both.
|
| |
| Dimension of stress management |
| A. |
The spiritual dimension
1. Prayer
2. Meditation
3. Forgiveness
4. Faith
|
| B. |
The mental dimension
1. Visual imagery
2. Autogenic training
3. Self talk
4. Reframing
|
| C. |
The emotion dimension
1. Social support
2. Touch
3. Humour
4. Mood management
|
| D. |
The physical dimension
1. Nutrition and avoidance of addictive substances
2. Deep breathing
3. Massage
4. Exercise
5. Progressive relaxation (deep muscular relaxation
exercise)
|
|
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| Stress management |
Too much to do in to little time is the most
commonest complaint. The stress comes from feeling out of
control, pushed about by the wings of fate. The protocol
to remain out of stress is
| 1. |
Stay healthy |
| 2. |
Exercise regularly |
| 3. |
Review your priorities |
| 4. |
Develop your ability to schedule your
time realistically |
| 5. |
Mind fullness, finding opportunities
for renewal in every day tasks |
| 6. |
Changing lifestyles |
| 7. |
Develop hobbies |
| 8. |
Make friends |
| 9. |
Go on vacations |
| 10. |
Sex and Love |
| 11. |
Clarifying your values |
| 12. |
Self-esteem improvement |
| 13. |
Practising good management |
|
| |
| Tips for stress management |
| 1. |
Don’t waste your time
befriending those who don’t want to receive your
love or friendship. |
| 2. |
Don’t be a perfectionist |
| 3. |
Don’t underestimate the genuine
pleasure that comes from simple things in life. |
| 4. |
Only fight for that which is worth it. |
| 5. |
Concentrate on the pleasant side of life. |
| 6. |
When you experience set-back re-establish
your self-confidence by remembering your past accomplishment. |
| 7. |
Don’t procrastinate. |
| 8. |
Realise that people are unequal in many
ways at birth. |
| 9. |
Live in such a way as to earn your neighbours
love. |
| 10. |
Recognise that stress will not last forever. |
|
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| Conclusion |
In physics stress implies to a force that
deforms bodies. In human being it doesn’t deform the
body, but it may be said that stress lick the minds and bits
the body.
A human being can be compared to a guitar. If there is
less of tension in the string, the required note will not
be produced but if the string is too tensed it will break
and there will be no music. Hence if stress is managed
well it will to be a friend but if not it will man’s
greatest enemy.
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| References |
| 1. |
Wolff HG, Wolf SE, Hare CC
(eds). Life Stress and Bodily Disease. Williams and Wilkins,
Baltimore. 1950. |
| 2. |
Wolff HG. Stress and Disease. CC Thomas,
Springfield, Illinois. 1953. |
| 3. |
Selye H. The Stress of Life. Longman,
Harlow. 1957. |
| 4. |
Brown JR, Harris TO, Copeland JR. Depression
and Loss. Br J Psychiatry 1977. |
| 5. |
Andrews G, Tennant C, Hewson D, et al.
Life events, stress, social support, coping style and
risk of psychological impairment. J Nerv Men Dis 1978. |
| 6. |
Cooper CL, Payne RL (eds). Stress and
Work, Wiley, Chichester. 1978. |
| 7. |
WHO. Mental illness in world of today
- feature series, 7 April, 1959. |
| 8. |
Silverman B. Canada’s Mental Health
Supplement, Nov-Dec. 1964. |
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